2B.3B Rock Strata and Complex Cliff Profiles - A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY Don't panic I have simply explained these terms below (I . What is the Demographic Transition Model? One important factor to consider is the type of wave and the distance a wave has to travel. Well-developed jointing and bedding can create steep, angular cliff faces with flat tops. Sustainable Management of the Tropical Rainforest, Sustainable Management of the Amazon Rainforest. These types of coast are known as concordant coastlines. The biggest factor affecting coastal erosion is the strength of the waves breaking along the coastline. The current cannot keep larger and heavier sediment suspended above water for extended periods. 9MpoW_`T6G>-7w={?B;f~|{w_zSXP~zyAs~_~/z}xsLP$izxi>A7_?zsSJ>=/f~~k}^=5_}W_~[{w]leY[Tmwv))Snv*0O1#v'=YCYA:'F8bx)vza1(Syw;?7#Xo a*"Xe~}cZ>IFA&+=DYcqc FmL:w#X57$h>. Loose material can slide down the bedding planes making the cliff unstable & dangerous. It is inevitable that some sediment is moved between cells. The image below shows a wave-cut platform formed at Flamborough, Holderness Coast. Sustainable development in the desert The Great Green Wall. The softer clay of Swanage has eroded much faster to form the cove. Coastal geomorphology: An introduction. It tends to be separated into mechanical and chemical weathering. Hard rocks erode and weather slowly, and the less fractured the rock is, the better it will resist breaking down. Y>SZ 3475A[k'UViv=3VGa,+g3?gf+,w{1Jrl|:Q@3^JmQa3;x9Ik&kr'\pS7uO)&;ZNWuIts|Kb9}WOdtpE{zBf`^qulCa6Wm &L5-;=i`6` )r]tt$xOZh{S2U6. Find out about the process of longshore drift. Sandy beaches, shingle beaches and spits are examples of depositional landforms. GCSE CCEA Coastal landforms Coastal landforms can be either erosional or depositional. A wave-cut platform is a wide, gently sloping surface found at the cliffs base and extends into the sea. What are the physical characteristics of cold environments? -Cliff features mainly form from the erosion at the foot of a cliff, with waves weakening the cliff structure leading to features to form such as wave cut notches which then as waves continue to exert force against the cliff can then develop into a cave before then forming the arch, stack, stump sequence. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. 4 Rock falls are a very sudden type of mass movement. Additionally, severe joints created by weathering can increase the rate of erosion. Chalk rocks tend to form vertical cliffs sometimes of great height (up to 50 metres). Why do people choose to live in tectonically active locations? If the bedding planes are flat (A), then the cliff shape will be consistent with a high cliff face. Weathering is the separating of rock in situ. Fetch This is how far the waves have travelled. This is chemical weathering. Limestone Case Study Malham, The Yorkshire Dales. Edexcel A Level Geography A wave-cut notch is created by erosional processes such . Human and physical factors causing river flooding. In this case, Portland limestone has been eroded at several points, allowing the underlying sandstone mud to easily erode into a cove. q_Rv")X&Vh.`^p _O$en$Ic:t]c6@ When the roof of the arch collapses a stack is formed(see image below). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Coastal Environments CPD Erosional Landforms, Coastal Management and Fieldwork on the Holderness Coast, Coastal Environments CPD Erosional Erosion, Coastal Management, Deposition and Fieldwork on the Holderness Coast, Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window), Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window), Internet Geography Plus Terms and Conditions. A Rock type and resistance to erosion Presence of lines of weakness Coastal structure The topography of a cliff plays a crucial role in determining the rate of erosion. The bay in front of the town was dredged resulting in the beach all but disappearing over a year. Economic opportunities and challenges in Lagos. What is the site and situation of a settlement? A cliff with seaward dipping bedding planes. If the hard rock is breached though, the softer rock is exposed and a cove can form (e.g., Lulworth Cove). The ice applies pressure and breaks the stone. The counterargument is that the water the material is dissolved into moves, removing the material. OCR GCSE Geography Past Papers Tides are a significant factor in thinking about coastal processes, as their communication with the coastal environment, to a considerable degree, decides the location of numerous coastal landforms. The dip of rock strata in relation to the coastline. In general, cliffs increase in height over time as the coast is eroded back. 7.3.2 References. The image below shows cracks in the chalk cliffs at Flamborough, Holderness Coast. they have a convex profile (convex = curved like the interior of a circle), because sub-aerial processes (weathering, mass movement and surface run-off erosion) slowly move sediment downslope, but marine erosion is unable to remove it from base, produced where there is little active marine erosion. Opportunities and Challenges in the Sahara Desert, Opportunities and Challenges in the Thar Desert, Opportunities and Challenges in the Western Desert. Landforms in the middle course of a river. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. What symptoms might indicate that a person is suffering from anemia? For example: cliffs which have impermeable rock overlying permeable rocks limit percolation and therefore are more stable, preventing mass movement. Use the images below to explore related GeoTopics. This downward energy erodes cliffs, and the backwash erodes the shoreline, creating steep shore profiles. How have plants adapted to cold environments? _}qK>_*uz/]jO+NAU}r The boundaries of sediment cells are determined by the geography and state of the coastline. A-Level Geography - Coastal Landscapes Flashcards | Quizlet Eduqas A Level GeographyPast Papers Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Geography Revision. water percolating comes into contact with a large surface area that can be chemically weathered. Its profile is steep but the softer (lighter in colour) rock has undergone differential erosion producing several notches. Faults are major features in rocks produced by tectonic forces and involve displacement of rocks on either side of the fault line. Two Earthquakes Compared Nepal and LAquila, Lombok Indonesia Earthquake 2018 Case Study, 2018 Sulawesi Indonesia Earthquake and Tsunami Case Study. Each coastline has its own balance and equilibrium of erosion, transportation, and deposition, which is affected by various interactions. A spring will form on the cliff face at the top of the saturated layer. Soft rocks (e.g., Limestone) are more susceptible to weathering & erosion so a coastline made of chalk (e.g., Dorset) will change relatively quickly. Leads to slumping in unconsolidated material and sliding in consolidated strata - producing a complex cliff profile. Retrieved from https://geography-revision.co.uk/a-level/physical/coastal-systems-and-processes/. Coastal erosion involves the breaking down and removal of material along a coastline by the movement of wind & water. To examine relationships between the beach profile and other factors, for example rock type, cliff profile, sediment size or shape Equipment Tape measure Ranging poles Clinometer or pantometer Compass Recording sheet Methodology Select sampling points for beach profiles across the width of the beach A concordant coastline. This creates acove, a circular area of water with a relatively narrow entrance from the sea. Castleton A tourist honey pot in The Peak District, Case Study Inner City Redevelopment Londons Docklands. What is a dip? The video below shows a geo at North Landing, Flamborough. Jamaica Case Study, How can the growth of tourism reduce the development gap? This is around 2 million tonnes of material every year. Cliff morphology also is influenced by the permeability of a rock. They represent weaknesses erosion can exploit, Coastal Landscapes and change Enquiry Questio, A-level geography Edexcel - Coastal landscape, The Water Cycle and Water Insecurity - Edexce, Edexcel geography A-level The water cycle and, Applications and Investigations In Earth Science, Dennis G. Tasa, Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, The Atmosphere: An Introduction to Meteorology, Dennis G. Tasa, Frederick K. Lutgens, Tarbuck, Chapter 12 - Tectonics, Earthquakes, Volcanism, HEES: Week 1-Weathering, Soil, Mass Movements. joints and bedding planes. Why is the weather of the UK so changeable? More resistant (hard) rock forms steep cliffs. Over time the crack will erode further, as the result of erosional processes such as hydraulic action. Mass movement- rotational slide 1993 landslide- 1million tonnes of cliff failed cutting the 60m high cliff back by 70m Created semicircular promontory 200m wide Causes: 140mm rainfall in the 2 months previously, pore water pressure build up, poor drainage and the Cliffs and wave-cut platforms - Internet Geography The platform typically has a slope of less than 4 degrees, which is often only fully exposed at low tide. The spring tide occurs twice in a lunar cycle and expands the tidal range by uplifting the elevated tide imprint and bringing down the low tide mark. Constructive waves are associated with weak discharge and strong swash, which develops deep-level shorelines, and are therefore more associated with coastlines of deposition. Geogra-context: Cliff Profiles. What problems are caused by global warming? There are four wave erosion processes: Hydraulic action Corrosion Abrasion Attrition OCR A Level Geography, AQA A Level Geography Past Papers Erosion refers to the breaking down of land by the power of waves. (2019). Edexcel GCSE Geography Past Papers How has rainforest vegetation adapted to the climate? To create a beach profile follow a straight transect line from the edge of the sea to the end of the active beach. 2 cards swept of the cliff leading to 1 fatality Holbeck Hall, North Yorkshire 1. An example of a wave-cut notch is shown in the video below. These beds are subjected to tectonic forces that tilt and deform them so they dip at an angle. Discordant coastline Source www.bbc.co.uk. How reliable are economic indicators of development? Erosional landforms - Coastal landforms - AQA - GCSE Geography - BBC They have a high frequency, between 13 and 15 waves per minute. It is arguable that corrosion is a form of weathering rather than erosion as it only breaks down material. One activity, dredging, is commonly carried out to improve shipping capacities but it reduces the amount of energy dissipated from incoming waves and so increases erosion2. Cliff Name Meaning. OCR A Level GeographyPast Papers As a result, they protrude into the ocean, forming headlands. Sub-aerial processes additionally help the pace of erosion of coasts. Define cliff profiles A the shape of a cliff cross-section is known as the profile they owe their form to geology, sub-aerial processes and wave energy along a given stretch of coastline 2 Q What do variations in cliff profiles reflect? Erosion rates will be slowed as deeper layers of rock support the cliff. Pore water pressure in the saturated layer pushes rock particles apart. Why is the Human Development Index important? Changing rates of rainforest deforestation. Saturation promotes mass movement through lubrication and by adding weight. Understanding these interactions can be challenging, but by using a systematic approach to geological reasoning, it is possible to gain a deeper understanding of how coastal forms develop and how these processes continuously shape them. The hard rock shields the soft rock from erosion. If the rocks occur in layers, the dip of the rock also helps control steepness and form. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The lithology of a coastline affects how quickly its eroded. A The resistance to erosion of the rock. If you've found the resources on this page useful please consider making a secure donation via PayPal to support the development of the site. How did the temperate deciduous woodland get like this? How does flooding affect humans and the environment? Whereas, cliffs composed of weaker rock strength experience cliff retreat more rapidly. They generally differ in their angle of slope because of their rock structure and geology, but the processes involved in their formation are the same. Joints occur in most rocks, often in regular patterns, dividing rock strata up into blocks with a regular shape. A cliff profile is the height and angle of a cliff face, plus its features such as wave-cut notches or changes in slope angle. Where do you want to go now? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The state and direction of the coastline in relation to approaching waves is also an important factor to consider. This is a type of Biological Weathering. The cliff profile will have a significant impact on the rates of erosion. Where the cave erodes through the headland an arch is formed (see image below). 2 Q Cliff profiles are influenced by geology. More resistant rocks (e.g. At nearby Lulworth Cove, bays and coves can appear on concordant coasts when weak points in the resistant rock occur. qcq%wFn+=#+ 0uEOr*cy_5{Lx_v @ @Me[k:]'fhk 3.6: Drawing Contour Lines and Topographic Profiles The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". As well as this rock structure plays an important role in variation between cliff profiles: Many cliffs are composed of more than one rock type - these are known as COMPOSITE CLIFFS. Sub-aerial processes allude to the processes of weathering and mass movement. Suspension: Small particles are carried in water, such as sediment and clay, which can make the water appear cloudy. The four different ways that waves and tides erode the coast are indicated below: Hydraulic action: Air becomes trapped in joints and cracks in the cliff face. SYSTEM FEEDBACKS Feedback occurs as a result of change in a system and they may be either positive or negative, switching the system to a new state of equilibrium or attempting to recover to the system's original . Water quality and pollution management in the UK. Longer fetches & stronger winds create bigger, more powerful waves that have more erosive power. Over time cliffs retreat due to a combination of sub-aerial weathering and coastal erosion. Kirwan, J.L. Where erosion excavates enough material along joint or bedding plane , a steep-sided inlet may be formed called a geo. Likewise, precipitation penetrates the slant through unconsolidated permeable material and afterwards makes a slip plane as it arrives at an impermeable material, for example, clay. WJEC A Level GeographyPast Papers, AQA GCSE Geography Past Papers cliff profiles are a consequence of wave attack, subaerial processes and the nature of the material wave action undercuts cliffs through abrasion and hydraulic action softer and more jointed rocks will erode more rapidly because of lower levels of physical strength and cohesion and smaller surface areas I believe the definition in the Oxford Dictionary of Earth Sciences is referring to carbonation from rain water., Dredging can have devastating consequences for coastal towns because of the increased erosion. Cliffs are shaped through erosion and weathering. Mass movement alludes to the development of material downslope affected by gravity. these are rocks containing voids called pores, for example chalk and poorly cemented sandstones, they have numerous joints (e.g. The video below shows a geo at Selwicks Bay, Flamborough. Sub-aerial processes include weathering and mass movement. Micro-features are small-scale coastal features such as caves and wave-cut notches which form part of a cliff profile. How has the growth of Lagos caused inequality? They can be quick occasions, for example, avalanches and rockfalls or they can be moderate processes, soil creeps. CIE A Level Geography Past Papers produce cliff profiles and micro features such as caves and arches. Processes and pathways of the water cycle, Processes and pathways of the carbon cycle, Changes in the carbon cycle: physical causes, Changes in the carbon cycle: Human causes, Erosion, transportation and deposition & Hjulstrm Curve, Plate tectonics theory, convection currents and sea-floor spreading, Measuring and Assessing Volcanic Activity. At the coast there is the upper beach or backshore (backed by cliffs or sand dunes), the foreshore (periodically exposed by the tides) and the offshore area (covered by water) The coastal zone is a dynamic area with inputs and processes from land, sea and atmosphere. Z: ufTlcWT~ Ww*4lJ$vZJeBH`)iWYw8`QO%nMd,BrM Headlands and bays, such as Swanage Bay, form on discordant coastlines, where hard and soft rock run in layers at 90 to the water. It is worth remembering that the landscape will be influenced by processes on the land as well as the sea. Large landforms, such as the Llyn Peninsula in Wales, provide significant natural barriers that limit the movement of sediment. As always, humans have an impact on coastal erosion. How is demand for energy changing in the UK? High energy coasts - Field Studies Council Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. The dip of rock strata in relation to the coastline. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Compared to cliffs with seaward dipping bedding planes, it is relatively steep and stable. Clays, mudstones, and most igneous and metamorphic rocks are impermeable. Method for High Energy Coasts - Field Studies Council Secondary coasts Dominated by marine erosion or deposition processes eg sea cliffs from erosion or spits from longshore drift Emergent coasts Over time cliffs retreat due to a combination of sub-aerial weathering and coastal erosion. The wave cut platform at Selwicks Bay, Flamborough. A@ Subaerial Processes: Definition & Examples | StudySmarter there is little or no debris at the base because it is broken up by attrition and transported offshore or along the coast. Boulder clay is structurally weak, and has little resistance to erosion. The larger the fetch, the longer the time the wind has to affect the waves, resulting in larger waves. 5 Salt crystals can penetrate the exposed rock face. How has the vegetation in the temperate deciduous forest adapted to the climate? What is the location and importance of Mumbai? Traction: Stones and larger sediment are moved along the ocean floor. This expels the base of the cliff. What is the impact of humans on the temperate deciduous woodland? The hard rock acts as a protective barrier to the softer rock behind it preventing erosion. Cliff Profiles & Bedding Layers Rocks tend to form in layers of different rock types known as beds. PDF Edexcel Geography A-level Coastal Landscapes and Change - PMT Edexcel GCSE Geography It does not store any personal data. Concordant (rock type runs parallel to the sea). There is a range of landforms of erosion found along the coast. Where there is limited vegetation to bind the soil together and the ground is very saturated heavy rain can produce sheet flow over the upper cliff surface. k|CN2[>u6/9v}^}_iq>D\"q|}&~=:7";Zn>v6GvAtl|XHAeMcb9) @s"&H:X07]M3=Mi Saltation: The material bounces along the ocean floor, such as small pieces of shingle or large sand grains. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Coastal environments - A level Geography - SlideShare Since calcium bicarbonate is soluble in water, the limestone successfully gets weathered when carbonation happens. Cliff profiles are influenced by geology, especially the resistance (to erosion) of the rock, and the dip of rock strata in relation to the coastline. Additionally, precipitation that permeates through the slope can create a slip plane when it reaches an impermeable layer of material such as clay. Cliff profiles Flashcards by Maciej Zagdan | Brainscape Need revision notes and resources for other subjects? Constructive waves have low wave height and high frequency with low frequency, between 6 and 8 waves per minute. How do folded rocks influence cliff profiles and rates of erosion? If you looked down on a coastline from above and saw the geology of the area, youd be able to see that the rock type changes as you approach the coastline and that the different rocks are arranged in bands. The load is not visible. One component that can be considered in the rate of coastal recession and the stability of cliffs, is cliff profiles and their bedding planes. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Cliffs and wave-cut platforms are landforms of erosion commonly found along the coast. Firstly, marine processes erode and undermine the base of the cliff. Abrasion: Pieces of rock and sand in waves are thrown against the cliff face. Concordant coasts have alternating layers of hard and soft rock that run parallel to the coast. wSi%]=Cbklnnh>7\8w+vfFJdXu>F7_#dtK_ T?FY+1 #b8 $Uw;kIZElv>&oKn.8 /,Z? Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. For example, this could be a joint in chalk. How do joints influence cliff profiles and rates of erosion? The material from the collapsed cliff face is eroded and transported away. An example of a wave-cut notch is shown in the video below. What is the role of transnational companies in Nigeria? How is urban planning improving the quality of life for the urban poor in Rio de Janeiro? John Wiley & Sons. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Both rock type and structure can have a significant impact on coastal landforms. What is chemical and mechanical weathering? How have animals adapted to the rainforest environment? Shallow-angled, vegetated cliffs they have a convex profile (convex = curved like the interior of a circle) As the stream flows down the cliff, fluvial erosion (surface run off erosion(will attack the saturated permeable bed and lower impermeable stratum, reducing the angle of the cliff profile. The basic formation of a sea cliff is the same everywhere. The sea can use these boulders to erode the cliff further. History A progressively regular kind of mechanical weathering found at coasts is salt crystallization. What are the economic and environmental issues of energy production? The cliffs vary in height, steepness and shape according to the geology of the area. The significance of food, water and energy, An overview of global inequalities in the supply and consumption of resources, Carbon footprints, food miles and moves towards local sourcing of food. Wave cut platforms have a significant impact on the ability of waves to erode the base of the cliff. What are the different types of weathering? Beaches increase the distance a wave travels before it reaches the coastlines cliffs and so reduces its energy. These processes form part of the coastal erosion process. How does food insecurity affect the environment? The Holderness Coast is located on the east coast of England. Sustainable development in the Temperate Deciduous Woodland. Reduces friction between grains in unconsolidated material. Lopsided Cliffs that Reduce Coastal Erosion - Geogra-free Near vertical beds (with a dip of ~90) also produce steep cliffs but differential erosion is less prevalent3 in these structures. A sediment cell is generally considered to be a closed system, meaning that sediment is not transferred from one cell to another. Lithology refers to the physical properties of a rock such as its resistance to erosion. What are the locations of micro-features controlled by? A cliff is a vertical, near vertical or sloping wall of rock or sediment that borders the sea. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. How has demand for water in the UK changed?