A-76. NSF requires a biographical sketch for each individual identified as senior personnel. Ethnic dynamics include religion, cultural mores, gender roles, customs, superstitions, and values certain ethnic groups hold dear which differ from other groups. They need not analyze METT-TC in a particular order. Deviations or significant conclusions reached during their enemy analysis could positively or negatively affect the battalion's and companys plan should be shared immediately with the battalion, company commander and S-2. An example of a basic COA sketch is shown in Figure 1-1. Therefore, a secondary product of analysis of troops and support available should be an answer to the question:, how do I get help? Specified tasks are specifically assigned to a unit by a higher headquarters and are found throughout the OPORD. Seize, destroy, and neutralize are examples of tasks associated with an offensive operation. Leaders use tactical mission task graphics and control measures (Refer to ADRP 1-02 for more information.) He makes the final selection of a COA based on his own judgment, the start time of the operation, the area of operation, the scheme of maneuver, and subordinate unit tasks and purposes. Strong winds and wind turbulence limit airborne, air assault, and aviation operations. Match. ATP 2-01.3 for more information. It also gives subordinates the maximum latitude for initiative. When the leader decides what risks he is willing to accept, he also must decide in his COA how to reduce risk to an acceptable level. PDF No. 15-06 - United States Army These capabilities should include reasonable assets the next higher element, or other higher enemy headquarters, may provide. One technique is to use the warfighting functions as a checklist to address every significant element the enemy brings to the fight. He then must task organize his forces specific to the respective essential tactical tasks and purposes assigned to his subordinate elements. The answers to the following questions become inputs into developing a COA. EEFI are the critical aspects of a friendly operation if known by the enemy, that subsequently would compromise or lead to failure of the operation. At the lower levels, leaders conduct their mission analyses by evaluating METT-TC. For armored forces, restricted terrain typically means moderate to steep slopes or moderate to dense spacing of obstacles such as trees, rocks, or buildings. Specified Tasks. How will temperature and humidity affect the Soldiers and equipment? Civil considerations are important when conducting operations against terrorist or insurgent forces in urban areas. PPT - Course of Action Development (MDMP) PowerPoint Presentation, free Winds The concept of the operation is a framework to assist leaders, not a script. Offensive considerations the leader can include in his evaluation of avenues of approach: A-46. A-39. How will this affect friendly and enemy target acquisition? War gaming is the process of determining "what if?" PREPARE COURSE-OF-ACTION STATEMENT AND SKETCH STEP 1 Development begins with the staff analyzing relative-force ratios. Another critical step was checking the weather for the evening. When analyzing terrain, leaders consider manmade features and effects on natural terrain features and climate. (Refer to ATP 2-01.3 for more information.). The two flight crews met at the TOC for the mission briefing. Suitable. Leaders analyze terrain using the categories of I headed to the hangar to check on my assigned aircraft for the day and then to the tactical command post (TOC) to check the mission profile. A-74. In the end, the usefulness of mission analysis lies in recognizing and capitalizing on opportunities. Enemy coa statement and sketch the purpose of this - Course Hero Considerations may include: A-99. The faculty feedback from the exam will better prepare you for the COA S&S. Higher headquarters provides the leader with civil considerations affecting the next echelons mission. A leader may take as much time as needed, while still adhering to the one-third/two-thirds rule. Lost opportunity, such as movement across terrain severely restricts the speed of traverse. Another example of essential terrain for a platoon and squad in the attack is high ground overlooking the enemy's reverse-slope defense. How will precipitation (or lack of it) affect the mobility of the unit or of enemy forces? The essential task is the mission taskit accomplishes the assigned purpose. This can require reduced aircraft payloads. The operations purpose usually matches or achieves the purpose of the immediate higher headquarters. Projected sustainment expenditures, friendly casualties, and resulting medical requirements. Winds of sufficient speed can reduce the combat effectiveness of a force downwind as the result of blowing dust, obscurants, sand, or precipitation. The leader must not only appreciate how much time is available, but he also must be able to appreciate the time/space aspects of preparing, moving, fighting, and sustaining. Civil considerations generally focus on the immediate impact of civilians on operations in progress. Constraints either prohibit or require an action. What is the composition of the enemy's reinforcing obstacles? Engineer forces might be needed to improve mobility or platoon and squads might have to deviate from doctrinal tactics. The COA statement specifies how the unit will accomplish the mission. A-63. How can I use each avenue of approach to support my movement and maneuver? In all cases, the enemy's recent activities must be understood, because they can provide insight into his future activities and intentions. The leader should clearly explain what the decisive point is to his subordinate leaders and why it is decisive; this objective, in conjunction with his commander's intent, facilitates subordinate initiative. A-117. For each COA, the leader thinks through the operation from start to finish. A-42. Analyzing the unit's current location in relation to future We had passengers, field Soldiers, aircrew and our aircraft to consider. Essential Task. To determine conditions and resources required for success. Following these or similar guidelines will result in a higher mission accomplishment rate, a lower weather-related mishap rate and a better image of aviation professionalism. At company level and below, leaders develop a graphic terrain analysis overlay. Most importantly, as events occur, he must adjust the time available to him and assess its impact on what he wants to accomplish. Evaluation of weather in support of these operations requires information on the wind at the surface as well as at varying altitudes. He begins TLP Step 3 after he issues his own WARNORD, and after he has received companys third WARNORD, or until he has enough information to proceed. From developing a strategy to analyzing, refining, and rehearsing the plan, a leader should be knowledgeable in the following areas detailed under this subheading to construct a solid COA. Coa statement and sketch example #991# - Carol Romine COA Statement and Sketch Pajota's Guerillas' mission is to block off a mile of road through the use of road blocks on both sides of the highway bridge cross over Cabu Creek of an estimated 300 yards northeast from compound. Leaders analysis must determine the types of vehicles, Soldiers, and equipment the enemy could use against his unit. Leaders identify all constraints the OPORD places on their units' ability to execute their missions. However, the weather forecaster at our station did not agree with that assessment. Sustaining operation purposes relate directly to those of the decisive and shaping operations. The leader should focus his efforts to develop at least one well-synchronized COA; if time permits, he should develop several. A-47. Information needed to complete paragraphs 3, 4, and 5 of the OPORD. All work must be your own. Areas In developing the concept of the operation , the leader clarifies in his mind the best ways to use the available terrain and to employ the unit's strengths against the enemy's weaknesses. The refined product is a platoon situation template, a graphic showing how he believes the enemy will fight under specific operational conditions. 8. For sustaining operations, it accomplishes the assigned purpose, which enables both the shaping and decisive operation (again, nested concept). When integrated with terrain, the refined product becomes the unit's operations overlay. A-35. IPB. Temperature crossovers, which occur when target and background temperatures are nearly equal, degrade thermal target acquisition systems. Visualizing a valid decisive point is how the leader determines how to achieve success and accomplish his purpose. They must go beyond merely passing along the MCOO to their subordinate leaders and making general observations of the terrain such as "This is high ground," or "This is a stream." Pajota's Guerillas' mission is to block off a mile of road through the use of road blocks on both sides of the highway bridge cross over Cabu Creek of an estimated 300 yards northeast from compound. Military Decision Making Process (Mar 08) 2 They must determine how the terrain and weather will affect the enemy and their units. The leader must thoroughly understand when, where, and how the enemy prefers or tends to use his assets. Organizations Existing obstacles, natural include rivers; forests; mountains; ravines; gaps and ditches more than three meters wide; tree stumps and large rocks more than 18 inches high; forests with trees eight inches or more in diameter, with less than four meters between trees. Little effort is needed to enhance mobility, but units might have to zigzag or make frequent detours. What are the enemy's likely counterattack routes? Yet, when we actually made it to our destination, we could not see the other end of the airfield. Civil considerations of the environment can either help or hinder friendly or enemy forces; the difference lies in which leader has taken time to learn the situation and its possible effects on the operation. Some types of clouds reduce the effectiveness of radar systems. They try to keep their span of control between two to five subordinate elements. This characteristic addresses terrain analysis from a civilian perspective. As the passengers boarded, I noticed a slight haze in the distance. A-62. Consideration of the weather's effects is an essential part of the leader's mission analysis. Reinforcing obstacles, tacticaltactical (reinforcing) obstacles inhibit the ability of the opposing force to move, mass, and reinforce. Start with Situation Template 2. Precipitation affects soil trafficability, visibility, and functioning of many electro-optical systems. Terrain analysis should produce several specific conclusions : A-58. The C634A2 course of action statement and sketch (COA S&S) is an individual assignment worth 20% of the overall C600 grade. Course of Action Statement and Sketch Flashcards | Quizlet | GTA 07-10-003 Leaders assign responsibility for each task to a subordinate. This terrain generally allows wide maneuver and offers unlimited travel over well-developed road networks. Understanding of time and space relationships of events, leading to thorough contingency plans. The reason the staff used the selected control measures. The observer must observe both the impact and effects of indirect fires. What lateral routes could we use to shift to other axes, and which could the enemy use to threaten our flanks? Once identified, risk must be reduced through controls. A-120. Leaders find their units' purposes in the concepts of the operation in the immediate higher headquarters OPORDs. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each avenue? Battle, support by fire, and assault by fire positions. Click the card to flip . Where can I destroy the enemy? This allows them to exercise initiative and judgment to accomplish the unit's purpose. These two products are the basis for paragraph 3 of the OPORD. This understanding makes it possible to exercise disciplined initiative. The sequence can vary. Where am I vulnerable? Template events and analyze them for their political, economic, psychological, environmental, and legal implications. The COA statement details how the unit's operation supports the next higher leader's operation, the decisive point and why it is decisive, the form of maneuver or type of defensive mission, and operational framework. On this day, he made the decision to shut down and wait for the weather to pass. Leaders capture their understanding of what their units are to accomplish in their revised mission statements. These can include areas needed after combat operations and contracted resources and services. In doctrinal terms, he asksIs the enemy oriented on the terrain, example, a reconnaissance force, his own force (assault force, terrorists, or insurgent forces), civilian forces or critical infrastructure (terrorist or insurgent forces, sabotage), or other supporting or adjacent friendly forces (as in a disruption zone)? For armored forces, steep slopes, densely spaced obstacles, and absence of a developed road system characterize severely restricted terrain. A-79. A-114. Likewise, he must understand enemy doctrinal objectives. He makes significant deductions about the terrain, enemy, and own forces affecting operations. How do civilian considerations affect the operation? This includes troops who are either attached to or in direct support of his unit. Coordinating instructions to enhance execution and unity of effort, and to ease confusion between subordinate elements. Staff COA. A-26. MDMP Step 3: COA Development Flashcards | Quizlet It allows the platoon and squads to move with little hindrance. . R&S assets and, most importantly, his and his higher headquarters pattern analysis and deductions about the enemy in his AO. The leader ensures every unit in his command is employed, every asset is attached and adequate mission command is provided for each element. What terrain is important to the enemy and why? Every culture, every group of people, has patterns of behavior. It was a familiar mission; a flight of two UH-60Ls were to fly a five-and-a-half-hour ring route under night vision goggles. This often becomes a union of resources and specialized capabilities. Feasible. Most terrorists and insurgents depend on the support or neutrality of the civilian population to camouflage them. "Send two Soldiers to assist in the loading of ammunition. The leader identifies critical factors about cloud cover, including limits on illumination and solar heating of targets. Commanders and staff officers who make link-diagrams of leadership including religious, political, and criminal personnel allow focused planning and decentralized execution which bolsters legitimacy within the population. Where can I support the movement of a friendly force with mortar, medium machine gun, or Javelin? COA Development Steps - PowerPoint PPT Presentation A good enemy COA tells a story. Will I attack toward the sunrise? Identify the essential communicators and formal and informal processes used to influence people. The military advantage gained by executing the COA must justify the cost in resources, especially casualties. The initial commander's intent describes the purpose of the operation, initial key tasks, and the desired end state. New facts and new or updated . A-68. Distinguishable. Most missions and tasks can be accomplished in more than one way. Documents Required for Senior Personnel - Funding at NSF | NSF He also may make sound assumptions about the enemy, human nature, and local culture. The decisive point might be the event or action (with respect to terrain, enemy, or time, and generation of combat power) will ultimately and irreversibly lead to the unit achieving its purpose. They take five steps to fully analyze their assigned mission as directed from higher . The reason units are arrayed as shown on the sketch. A-108. Windblown sand, dust, rain, or snow can reduce the effectiveness of radar and other communication systems. A-25. A-27. How will each avenue of approach affect the rate of movement of each type force? Leaders must understand impact of their actionsas well as their subordinates actionson the civilian population, and effects they will have on current and future operations. When (this is the time given in the company OPORD). He also identifies positions where artillery observers can call for indirect fire. Defining other influential organizations or groups of influence allows for information collection. Our pilot report, along with others, gave the forecaster more information to augment his observation. They must assess if the new information affects their missions and plans. Key terrain is locations or areas whose seizure, retention, or control gives a marked advantage to either combatant. He analyzes if vegetation will affect the employment or trajectory of the Javelin, or 60-mm mortars. Identifying a tentative decisive point and verifying it during COA development is the most important aspect of the TLP. BMNT, sunrise, sunset, The first three steps of COA development provide the bulk of the COA statement. The leader goes past observing to application. Leaders who identify the economic production base of their area of operation can execute civil-military campaigns within their area of operation bolstering the economic welfare of the people. Given more time, they might analyze the remainder of their platoons area of operation and area of interest. Leaders must understand each groups perceptions about the United States, the Army, and specific units operating within that area. This assessment is largely subjective. In analyzing the enemy, the leader must understand the He need not wait for a complete OPORD before starting to develop his own tentative plan. Leaders also answer . CBRN operations usually favor the upwind force. In order to keep communication at a standstill, phone lines are cut connecting the outside to the camp before the attack. In order to keep communication at a standstill, phone lines are cut connecting the outside to the camp before the attack. PDF From Visual to Logical Representation A GIS-Based Sketching Tool for If he has no mutually supporting mobility corridors, then a single mobility corridor might become an avenue of approach. A-97. Enemy action where the leader has accepted risk such as an enemy attack where the friendly leader has chosen to conduct an economy of force. However, as time permits, he can develop as many COA, for comparison purposes, as time allows. This event made me realize the importance of instrument meteorological conditions training and proper crew coordination. We had legal weather; however, the weather report showed a dust storm in our flight path. A-37. A-119. Cover and Concealment It can do this by masking the target or by reducing overhead clearance. The leader groups mutually supporting mobility corridors to form an avenue of approach. Leaders at every echelon must understand the mission, intent, and operational concept one and two levels higher. Acceptable. Where will the enemy establish firing lines or support by fire positions? A description of the weather we had encountered earlier added credence to our discussions with the battle captain. Deductions resulting from the relative combat power analysis. It is beneficial for flight crews to know the area's weather trends. Mission Command - United States Army PPT MDMP Class (Military Decision Making Process) PowerPoint After these groups have been defined, analyzing them and determining their contributions or resistance to friendly operations is easier. 8. This is extremely important in understanding when and where to commit combat power, what relationships can be reinforced with certain groups versus what relationships need to start or cease, and ultimately what second and third order effects our actions will have in the area of operation. The second mission variable to consider is the enemy. Visibility Reinforcing obstacles, protective (reinforcing) obstacles offer close-in protection and are important to survivability. Leaders conclude their mission analyses by restating their missions. Biographical Sketch. Where has the enemy positioned weapons to cover the obstacles, and what type of weapons is he using? COA Statement and Sketch - LegitWriting He reviews his commander's conclusions and identifies his own. War gaming is a critical step in the planning process and should be allocated more time than the other steps. One technique is to parallel the TLP based on the products received from higher. Swamps and rugged ground are two examples of restricted terrain for Infantry forces. How do our forces build national will in our area of operations? Reinforcing obstacles are constructed, emplaced, or detonated by military force . He locates intervisibility lines (ridges or horizons which can hide equipment or personnel from observation). If he has developed more than one COA, he applies this same analysis to each COA developed. COA analysis (war gaming) brings together friendly and enemy forces on the actual terrain to visualize how the operation will unfold. The leader must identify risks based on the results of his mission analysis. They must clearly understand their immediate higher up intent from the OPORD. ;" "Reconnoiter route BLUE;" "Assist the forward passage of 1st platoon, B Company." However, if it offers cover and concealment, observation, and good fields of fire on multiple avenues of approach, or on the only avenue of approach, then it offers a definite advantage to whoever controls it. Goal is to develop COAs for every feasible ECOA; however, the commander usually limits that option with his guidance. Leaders must understand how their units' purposes relate to higher. The leader identifies critical factors about temperature, including high and low temperatures, infrared crossover times, and effects of obscurants and Time analysis is often the first thing a leader does. They identify the tasks and purposes, and how their immediate higher up are contributing to the fight. Table A-1 shows recommended situation template items. Develop a Concept of Operations Array initial forces. What is the present physical condition of Soldiers (morale, sleep)? The fifth mission variable of METT-TC is time available. It also should give subordinates the maximum latitude for initiative. See PAPPG Chapter II.D.2.h (i) for complete coverage on the content and formatting requirements for the biographical sketch. COA analysis begins with both friendly and enemy COA and, using a method of action-reaction-counteraction war game, results in a synchronized friendly plan, identified strengths and weaknesses, and updated risk assessment. The commander also issues planning guidance to the staff, such as time limitations or a change in commander's intent. To anticipate events within the area of operations. The leader must avoid unnecessary complicated mission command structures and maintain unit integrity where feasible. Air density decreases as temperature and humidity increase. How can I take advantage of the limited illumination?