Despite this, the Index variants without comment parts still tend to be more similar to each other than those without comment parts and vice versa. ; resources, B.. To answer RQ2, the results were analyzed from two perspectives: between versions of the same software system, where three software systems with their versions were considered, and between different software systems, where the last version of each included software system was considered. This article is contributed by Rishabh Mahrsee. The objective was to determine if and to what degree these variants are consistent with one another when used to assess the maintainability of a single software system and when used to compare the maintainability of different software systems. Then, we will compare the objects by using the BeanComparator by calling its compare () method. In this way, many comparisons between two objects need not go through the comparison of every value within them. You compare Java primitives (int, long, double, etc.) Elish, M.O. Singh, N.; Singh, D.P. In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 2324 May 2022; Association for Computing Machinery: New York, NY, USA, 2022; pp. Conversely, an easily maintainable system is believed to be more cost effective in carrying out such maintenance tasks while also reducing the software systems tendency towards deteriorating software quality. When implementing it, we need to make sure that the method returns: A positive integer, if the current object is greater than the parameter object A negative integer, if the current object is less than the parameter object Avg. New JavaScript and Web Development content every day. [. 2023, 13, 2972. [, Sharma, A.; Grover, P.; Kumar, R. Predicting maintainability of component-based systems by using fuzzy logic. Its a good rule that helps me write good, robust unit tests but like all such rules of thumb its not always right (just most of the time). 2021. [. = kurtosis, SW = ShapiroWilk Test. The problem is that failing the first assert would cause an exception to be thrown leaving us with no idea if the second would have passed or failed. Most of the time, we want to compare the actual values inside the objects. How to Compare Two Objects in Java? Let us create a simple Employee class with instance variables id, name, age for comparing the different objects field by field. MDPI and/or All systems studied were open-source and based on the Java programming language. In the future, it would be interesting to extend our study to software systems written in other object-oriented programming languages, such as Python and C#. And so usingFakeItEasyI was able to create the following code: What we have here is a newfakeobject a.k.afakeExpectedwhich would call custom code when itsEqualsmethod is called. Lets take the above example in which JSON.stringify is useless and hand it over to Lodash: You can read more about Lodash in the article below: You dont want to use any external libraries? Before Java 8, sorting a collection would involve creating an anonymous inner class for the Comparator used in the sort: 3. We can solve this issue by splitting the test into two tests one test per assert. 1. When comparing two software systems based on their maintainability assessments from different Index variants, if one software is easier to maintain than the other according to one variant, it is very likely that the same holds true according to any other variant. For non-object-oriented software systems, an Index value below 65 indicates poor maintainability, between 65 and 85 indicates medium maintainability, and above 85 indicates high maintainability [. Method 1: One obvious approach is to write our own sort() function using one of the standard algorithms. Moreover, when comparing the maintainability of software systems using different variants of the Index, very similar outputs can be expected for all variants without the comment part and all variants with the comment part. [. In Proceedings of the Software Engineering Productivity Conference, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 7 April 1992; pp. whether they are the same object or not. First, we convert the JavaScript objects to JSON strings and then compare those strings. Granja-Alvarez, J.C.; Barranco-Garca, M.J. A Method for Estimating Maintenance Cost in a Software Project: A Case Study. Ltd. All rights reserved. Java Program to Compare two Boolean Arrays, Java Program to Compare two Double Arrays, Compare two strings lexicographically in Java, equals() and deepEquals() Method to Compare two Arrays in Java. Using compareTo () method Using compareToIgnoreCase () method Using compare () method Method 1: using == operator Double equals operator is used to compare two or more than two objects, If they are referring to the same object then return true, otherwise return false. 252264. Try Programiz PRO: Illustration: An example to illustrate an object of a class: // Here, chair and sofa are two objects of the class Furniture. 759768. In this section, we will learn how equals() and hashCode() method works. The Maintainability Index was calculated for each software system under study using seven variants: Next, data analysis on the acquired data was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 28 and Python 3.7.6. with the matplotlib, NumPy, pandas, SciPy, seaborn, and scikit-learn libraries. There are several Index variants that differ in the factors affecting maintainability (e.g., code complexity, software size, documentation) and their given importance. Welker, K.D. Furthermore, this study identified some research gaps and suggested some possible directions for future research efforts. [, Coleman, D. Assessing maintainability. Correlation coefficients: Appropriate use and interpretation. It returns true if the objects are equal, else returns false. = average, Med. In the example above, person1 and person2 have the same properties and values, so JSON.stringify(person1) === JSON.stringify(person2) is true. [, Heriko, T.; umak, B. Analyzing Linter Usage and Warnings Through Mining Software Repositories: A Longitudinal Case Study of JavaScript Packages. 2021. How to Find an Element in a List with Java. A variety of data analysis methods (i.e., descriptive statistics, hypothesis testing, correlation analysis, multidimensional scaling, cluster analysis, and trend analysis) were used to answer the research questions, which allowed us to evaluate and compare the consistency of several variants of the Index in measuring the maintainability of object-oriented software systems on a large and diverse set of Java software in different contexts. 2021. JavaTpoint offers college campus training on Core Java, Advance Java, .Net, Android, Hadoop, PHP, Web Technology and Python. Software maintenance is a phase in the software life cycle that refers to modifications of a software system after delivery, aiming to provide support to the system [, Maintainability is an external quality attribute. Keep reading to see how hard it is and how you can take advantage of it to improve your coding skills. In Proceedings of the 2015 41st Euromicro Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications, Madeira, Portugal, 2628 August 2015; pp. First, in, The results of the correlation analysis were further analyzed through multidimensional scaling to gain a deeper understanding of the relationships between the Index variants. [. Were in fact testing oneSomeClassthat happen to have two properties. This issue has already been noted by systematic literature reviews conducted in the research field [, In the literature, the Maintainability Index has been used as a measure of maintainability extensively researched from various perspectives. By better understanding Index variants and the importance of the context in which an Index variant is used, practitioners can select the variant that best fits their specific needs and goals. For objects, you either use a compareor a compareTomethod instead. We can sort them, copy-paste them, merge, and compare them. This allowed us to evaluate how the different variants capture the notion of maintainability when applied to measure the maintainability of the same software system and to compare the variants in terms of their absolute values. If you are not calling the Collections.sort() method then our comparator logic will not be executed. However, using JSON.stringify() to compare objects has one limitation. The reason is that deep down inside our assert have no idea what is an equal object and so it runsObject.Equalsand throws an exception in case of failure. As an example, imagine we have a list of students who applied for an exam, and another list of students who passed it. interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. Therefore, it is essential to understand how maintainable a software system is as it is being developed. Affordable solution to train a team and make them project ready. x holds the same value as we have passed in the equals() method. To compare these strings in Java, we need to use the equals() method of the string. Object-oriented programming paradigm for damage tolerant evaluation of engineering structural components. With the introduction of Lambdas, we can now bypass the anonymous inner class and achieve the same result with simple, functional semantics: Notice that we're also using the new sort API . = minimum, Max. String is immutable in java. if both the strings are equal lexicographically i.e. Avg. When comparing the maintainability of different versions of the same software using different Index variants, the relationship between the variants remains positive, but can range from moderate to very strong. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Data Engineering and Communication Technology, Maharashtra, India, 1011 March 2017; Satapathy, S., Bhateja, V., Joshi, A., Eds. To verify the assumptions of normality for the differences between the two groups under study, the ShapiroWilk Test was utilized because the sample size for the data of RQ1 was small (, To answer RQ2.1, a pairwise correlation analysis was carried out between pairs of Index variants to examine the association between variant values. The comparison operator == tests whether two reference variables point to the same object. https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess. 13751380. Using two asserts would work, at least for a time. ; Palani, G.; Iyer, N.R. This is also the case with the aforementioned studies, as the choice of the variant used for the maintainability measurement of object-oriented software varies across them. You probably think comparing two objects in JavaScript is easy. You should not use == (equality operator) to compare these strings because they compare the reference of the string, i.e. Objects class from the Java.util . Kaur and Singh [, Although there are some similarities with the existing work, the lack of a comprehensive approach to comparing multiple variations of the Index makes our work the first of its kind in the field. That does not work for objects. All source codes for the included software systems were obtained from the original (i.e., not forked) GitHub repositories. However, it can be overridden in any way possible i.e if one or two values match, etc. Development and Application of an Automated Source Code Maintainability Index. In fact, its fun to do things the hard way, isnt it? https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052972, Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals, You can make submissions to other journals. Determ. Microsoft. Sawilowsky, S.S. New effect size rules of thumb. All Java classes implements the Object class by default. When it is invoked more than once during the execution of an application, the hashCode() method will consistently return the same hash code (integer value). In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization, Noida, India, 810 October 2014; pp. Each Java object is associated with the hash code. So, our custom equals() method in the Employee class is invoked. (This article belongs to the Special Issue. Molnar, A.; Motogna, S. Discovering Maintainability Changes in Large Software Systems. Below is the implementation: Java import java.util. For person3, the property name has the different value from person1 and person2. Based on their characteristics, behavior, and interrelationships, the variants were divided into two distinct clusters, i.e., variants that do not consider code comments in their calculation and those that do. Next, is create two objects with different values and compare them. Because we had a moderate sample size (, For each software system under study, values of the Index variants are visually presented in, The differences between the values of Index variants are evaluated in, The scatter plot matrix representation with pairwise correlation analysis is shown in, To further analyze the multivariate relationships based on the Pearson Correlation Coefficient between the seven Index variants, multidimensional scaling was used to reduce the dimensions of the data to two.
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