Tony Gentile/Reuters/Corbis. A thirty year journey from tragedy to hope. In the context of FASD, neurological impairments are caused by prenatal alcohol exposure which causes general neurological damage to the central nervous system (CNS), the peripheral nervous system, or the autonomic nervous system. While consensus exists for the definition and diagnosis of FAS, minor variations among the systems lead to differences in definitions and diagnostic cut-off criteria for other diagnoses across the FASD continuum. Joaquin Phoenix. The document also state, that Saintwas seen unattended (more than once) wandering the streets and had to be escorted back to his mothers home by bystanders. Just because she is nice and empathetic does not mean that she is excluded from having aspergers syndrome. Connections between alcohol and incubating embryos are made multiple times in the novel. Risk of damage is not solely dependent on how much alcohol is consumed during pregnancy; fetal genetics plays a vital role, a new study suggests. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome can also manifest itself in social and behavioral issues. [27][30] The "4-Digit Diagnostic Code" also allows for an FASD diagnosis when only two functional domains are measured at two standard deviations or worse. [2][20][27][30] Functional impairments are deficits, problems, delays, or abnormalities due to prenatal alcohol exposure (rather than hereditary causes or postnatal insults) in observable and measurable domains related to daily functioning, often referred to as developmental disabilities. [citation needed], All four diagnostic systems show virtual agreement on their criteria for CNS damage at the neurological level, and evidence of a CNS neurological impairment due to prenatal alcohol exposure will result in a diagnosis of FAS or pFAS, and functional impairments are highly likely. In short, all major processes in the developing central nervous system appear compromised. Smoking and drinking alcohol during pregnancy can be very harmful to babies, causing a range of lifelong health conditions. [66] Because CNS damage, symptoms, secondary disabilities, and needs vary widely by individual, there is no one treatment type that works for everyone.[16]. FAS interferes with normal development,[75] which may cause stages to be delayed, skipped, or immaturely developed. (2002). Foreword to Buxton, B. Other conditions within this range are: Alcohol-related birth defects (ARBDs). FASD United (formerly NOFAS) honored Taylor Allen, a 23-year-old young man living with an FASD and his parents, Mark and Cathy Allen, for their work with the FASD community in the Washington, DC area. The autopsy showed severe hydrocephalus, abnormal neuronal migration, and a small corpus callosum (which connects the two brain hemispheres) and cerebellum. [62] The IOM presents ARBD as a list of congenital anomalies that are linked to maternal alcohol use but have no key features of FASD. Taylor was diagnosed with an FASD in 8th grade. [103] At the time, nobody was aware of the full range of possible birth defects from FAS or its rate of prevalence. Barbara Clements, bac60@uw.edu, 206-221-6706. [32] The presence of FAS facial features indicates brain damage, although brain damage may also exist in their absence. . Gwyneth Paltrow. Mattson, S.N., & Riley, E.P. Bernie Sanders. FAS is one of a group of conditions. [85] In Victoria, there have been no registered FASD related births for indigenous Australians, but the rate for the general population in Victoria is 0.010.03 per 1000 births. Tony Loneman, a character in Tommy Orange's novel There There, was born with fetal alcohol syndrome, which he calls "the Drome". Streissguth, A.P., Barr, H.M., Kogan, J., & Bookstein, F.L. [74], An understanding of the developmental framework would presumably inform and enhance the advocacy model, but advocacy also implies interventions at a systems level as well, such as educating schools, social workers, and so forth on best practices for FAS. [71] In addition, special care should be taken when considering statistics on this disease, as prevalence and causation is often linked with FASD, which is more common and causes less harm, as opposed to FAS. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a group of abnormalities that occur in babies born to mothers who consume alcohol during pregnancy. However, no amount of alcohol is safe. The Sessions are a blended family and 4 of their 6 children are diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. "[89] Vomiting put the mother at a high risk for aspiration and was "a brutal procedure for all involved". [1][17] Although drinking small amounts does not cause facial abnormalities, it may cause behavioral problems. [30] As a result, diagnosis of the severity of FASD relies on protocols of observation of the child's physiology and behavior rather than maternal self-reporting. Unknown Risk: Unknown use of alcohol during pregnancy. Symptoms. More than 400 problems, however, can occur with FASD. But a new documentary called Bing Crosby Rediscovered airing Tuesday night at 8 p.m. Depending on the features identified, the medical disorders labeled as FASD include: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), partial FAS (pFAS), alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND), alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD . None: All three facial features ranked within normal limits. The Southern Charm stars 5-year-old son, Saint, was previously diagnosed with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Thomas is pinning the blame on Kathryn due to her drug and alcohol use, according to The Sun. (1998). In the absence of an adequate body of research on diagnosis and intervention, this expert consensus opinion is a welcome advance and should provide some guidance for clinicians managing . FASD is estimated to affect between 2% and 5% of people in the United States and Western Europe. [citation needed] Not drinking alcohol during pregnancy is the . [29], Criteria for FASD are least specific in the Institute of Medicine (IOM) diagnostic system ("low birth weight, decelerating weight not due to nutrition, [or] disproportional low weight to height" p.4 of executive summary),[20] while the CDC use the 10th percentile as a cut-off to determine growth deficiency. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Environmental toxicants and fetal development, "Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Canadian guidelines for diagnosis", "Neurobehavioural outcomes of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: A Canadian perspective", "Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in 4 US Communities", "Hospitalizations and mortality among patients with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: a prospective study", "Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: an overview", "FASD Fact #1: FASD = Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder", "Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure", "Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) conditions and interventions", Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services, "Epidemiology of substance use in reproductive-age women", "A 2005 Message to Women from the U.S. Reporting alcohol use during pregnancy can also be stigmatizing to birth mothers, especially if alcohol use is ongoing. [15][47][49], Among those women who are alcoholic, an estimated one-third of their children have FAS. The only certain way to prevent FAS is to avoid drinking alcohol during pregnancy. Celebrities with FAS include: model/actress Carrie Fisher; musician Bobby Brown; actor Ryan O'Neal; and baseball player Joe Mauer.Advertisement [] On the contrary, clinical and animal studies have identified a broad spectrum of pathways through which maternal alcohol can negatively affect the outcome of a pregnancy. (2015). [60] It is related to the advocacy model but promoted at a systems level (rather than with the individual or family), such as developing community education and supports, state or province level prevention efforts (e.g., screening for maternal alcohol use during OB/GYN or prenatal medical care visits), or national awareness programs. She and Crosby had four sons, two of whom were twins named Dennis and Phillip, who experts believe suffered from their mother's heavy drinking. poor judgment. One facial feature ranked severe, one ranked moderate and one ranked within normal limits. The developing fetal nervous system appears particularly sensitive to ethanol toxicity. It's not clear whether Crosby ever suspected that his first wife's drinking had an adverse affect on their twins, Trachtenberg admits. Most fans of Bing Crosby remember his family from the iconic Christmas specials in which his wife Kathryn and their three grown children sang carols and palled around with celebrities like Robert Goulet and Bernadette Peters. Partial fetal alcohol syndrome (pFAS) refers to individuals with a known, or highly suspected, history of prenatal alcohol exposure who have alcohol-related physical and neurodevelopmental deficits that do not meet the full criteria for FAS. [93], The earliest recorded observation of possible links between maternal alcohol use and fetal damage was made in 1899 by Dr. William Sullivan, a Liverpool prison physician who noted higher rates of stillbirth for 120 alcoholic female prisoners than their sober female relatives; he suggested the causal agent to be alcohol use. He also had a difficult relapse shortly after his marriage to the actress. Using medical and other records, CDC studies have identified about 1 infant with FAS for every 1,000 live births in certain areas of the United States. People with pFAS have a confirmed history of prenatal alcohol exposure, but may lack growth deficiency or the complete facial stigmata. [27], For many adopted or adults and children in foster care, records or other reliable sources may not be available for review. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 64(3), 54-57. Possible: Mild to moderate dysfunction of two standard deviations or worse in one or two functional domains, Evidence of a complex pattern of behavior or cognitive abnormalities inconsistent with developmental level in the following CNS domains Sufficient for a pFAS or ARND diagnosis using IOM guidelines, Performance at or below the 16th percentile on. 2. Fetal alcohol syndrome can directly damage the central nervous system, resulting in structural and neurological deficiencies. 1 2; Many soft signs have norm-referenced criteria, while others are determined through clinical judgment. [47][50], Despite intense research efforts, the exact mechanism for the development of FAS or FASD is unknown. Some of the risks associated with smoking and drinking while pregnant include miscarriage, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, preterm birth, stillbirth, fetal alcohol syndrome, and many other birth defects. The face is formed at a specific timeframe during gestation and if alcohol is consumed around but not at that exact time, the child may have all the behavioural . This can cause the alcohol levels to remain high and stay in the baby's body longer. [13], In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association introduced neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (ND-PAE) into the DSM-V as a "condition for further study" and as a specified condition under, "other specified neurodevelopmental disorders" as a way to better study the behavioral aspects of all FASD disorders. [22] Drinking any quantity during pregnancy, the risk of giving birth to a child with FASD is about 15%, and to a child with FAS about 1.5%. [citation needed], While the four diagnostic systems essentially agree on criteria for fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), there are still differences when full criteria for FAS are not met. [31], Several characteristic craniofacial abnormalities are often visible in individuals with FAS. (2005). You notice the time, 11:20, as you have been studying at the time and he spoke to you on the phone. intellectual . RELATED: EXCLUSIVE: Kathryn Dennis Cocaine Use Out of Control, Cops Called After Son Runs Into Street! problems seeing or hearing. named after the physician first reporting the association of symptoms, Smith named FAS after the causal agent of the symptoms. severe CNS abnormalites (structural, neurological, and/or . p. 10. Conceiving risk, bearing responsibility: Fetal alcohol syndrome & the diagnosis of moral disorder. Early intervention from birth to age 3 has been shown to improve the development of a child born with FASD. [74], Behavioral interventions are based on the learning theory, which is the basis for many parenting and professional strategies and interventions. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Quotes & Sayings Happy to read and share the best inspirational Fetal Alcohol Syndrome quotes, sayings and quotations on Wise Famous Quotes. Such heavy intoxication is highly likely to contribute to FASD.[87]. Children born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) exhibit facial abnormalities, growth deficiency and delayed motor skills. Rothfuss's 11-year-old son Heratio (whose last name his mother asked to withhold) has fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)brain damage sustained in utero and traceable to pre-natal alcohol consumption. Did he ever leave on one of his trips. Several organizations and state agencies in the U.S. are dedicated to this type of intervention. Believe it or not, a smile can determine whether or not a full-grown celebrity exhibit evidence that they were born with fetal alcohol syndrome. This designation is relatively rare, as most people presenting for an FASD evaluation are at least suspected to have had a prenatal alcohol exposure due to presence of other key features of FASD. [61] Along with ordinary parenting styles, such strategies are frequently used by default for treating those with FAS, as the diagnoses oppositional defiance disorder (ODD), conduct disorder, reactive attachment disorder (RAD) often overlap with FAS (along with ADHD), and these are sometimes thought to benefit from behavioral interventions. Streissguth, A.P. [99], Dr. Paul Lemoine of Nantes, France had already published a study in a French medical journal in 1968 about children with distinctive features whose mothers were alcoholics,[100] and in the U.S., Christy Ulleland and colleagues at the University of Washington Medical School had conducted an 18-month study in 19681969 documenting the risk of maternal alcohol consumption among the offspring of 11 alcoholic mothers. Daniel Radcliffe is a British actor primarily known for his role as Harry Potter. By Simon Delott at Mar 05, 2021 Kathryn Dennis. Mild: Either height or weight or both between the 3rd and 10th percentiles. For other uses, see, Congenital malformation due to substance exposure, Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder. An advocate for FAS: (1) interprets FAS and the disabilities that arise from it and explains it to the environment in which the person operates, (2) engenders change or accommodation on behalf of the person, and (3) assists the person in developing and reaching attainable goals. The full picture of FAS usually occurs in babies born to alcoholic mothers, or to those who drink regularly or binge-drink. The standardized approach is referred to as the Ten Brain Domains and encompasses aspects of all four diagnostic systems' recommendations for assessing CNS damage due to prenatal alcohol exposure. The prognosis of FASD is variable depending on the type, severity, and if treatment is issued. FAS is characterized by: growth deficiency (height or weight < 10th percentile). [22] FAS is believed to occur in between 0.2 and 9 per 1,000 live births in the United States. Psychoactive drugs are frequently tried on those with FASD as many FASD symptoms are mistaken for or overlap with other disorders, most notably ADHD. [citation needed]. ET on PBS as part of the American Masters series sheds fresh light on Crosby's first family with Dixie Lee, a shy actress who drank herself to oblivion before succumbing to ovarian cancer in 1952 at the age of 41. [86] Passive surveillance is a prevention technique used within Australia to assist in monitoring and establishing detectable defects during pregnancy and childhood. [2], Thus, other FASD conditions are partial expressions of FAS. ), writing, poetry, Participation in non-impact sport or physical fitness activities, Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED), This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 05:48. A police report where Saint was left unattended by your client and ran multiple times into a busy street.According to the police report,When the bystander arrived, Kathryns father was asleep on the sofa (Kensie and Kathryn were not there). After being escorted home, Saint snuck out of the house a second time. The specialists looked at them and said 'Yeah, this is a like a textbook case of fetal alcohol syndrome.'. Most individuals with deficits resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure do not express all features of FAS and fall into other FASD conditions. A group of conditions, known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), includes the following symptoms: Abnormal facial features. Singer Demi Lovato has openly discussed her challenges with substance abuse, recently experiencing an overdose. [1] Symptoms can include an abnormal appearance, short height, low body weight, small head size, poor coordination, behavioral problems, learning difficulties, and problems with hearing and sight. Thomas Ravenel Seeking SOLE Custody Amid Drug Crisis! excessive drug and alcohol consumption while he was in utero., obtained a copy of the proposed custody changes and the document states that an eyewitness observed. Business, Economics, and Finance. The placenta allows free entry of ethanol and toxic metabolites like acetaldehyde into the fetal compartment. [60] A case study by Henry H. Goddard of the Kallikak familypopular in the early 1900srepresents this earlier perspective,[95] though later researchers have suggested that the Kallikaks almost certainly had FAS. [16][14] There is no known safe amount or time to drink alcohol during pregnancy. Kim Kardashian Doja Cat Iggy Azalea Anya Taylor-Joy Jamie Lee Curtis Natalie Portman Henry Cavill Millie Bobby Brown Tom Hiddleston Keanu Reeves. [citation needed], The central nervous system damage criteria particularly lacks clear consensus. Between 2017 and 2019 researchers made a breakthrough when they discovered a possible cure using neural stem cells (NSCs);[73] they propose that if applied to a newborn, the damage can be reversed and prevent any lasting effects in the future. [citation needed]. The impact of maternal drinking during and after pregnancy on the drinking of adolescent offspring. [84] In Western Australia, the rate of births resulting in FASD is 0.02 per 1,000 births for non-Indigenous Australians, however among indigenous births the rate is 2.76 per 1,000 births. South Carolina court records, show that Thomas Ravenelclaimed Saint was formerly diagnosed with FAS due to Kathryns excessive drug and alcohol consumption while he was in utero. Thomas says that Saint took speech and occupational therapy for years to help combat his delays, but he is still falling behind at school., At Saints school, his teacher created Mom and Dadfolders filled with worksheets to be completed daily in an effort to catch Saint up to his peers. #2 Individuals with FAS may have problems with their hearing, memory, vision, attention span, and capabilities to communicate . This means that while Kathryn was pregnant -- she allegedly drank so excessively that it causes delays in her son's development. The symptoms vary from one baby to another, but the defects caused by it are permanent. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is the most severe collection of alcohol-related birth defects, and is defined by pre- and post-natal growth retardation . a unique cluster of minor facial anomalies (small eyes, smooth philtrum, thin upper lip). (2002). learning disabilities. This approach is an advance over behavioral interventions, because it takes the person's developmental context into account while developing interventions. In later stages of pregnancy, the alcohol was administered intravenously and often in large amounts. Above all, Lovato will stay in rehab until the end of 2018. [citation needed]. Essentially, even though growth deficiency and/or FAS facial features may be mild or nonexistent in other FASD conditions, yet clinically significant brain damage of the central nervous system is present. Some of these remarkable stars consist of wrestler Chyna, actor Mark Ruffalo, model Tyra . [43] FAS has also been linked to brainstem and cerebellar changes, agenesis of the corpus callosum and anterior commissure, neuronal migration errors, absent olfactory bulbs, meningomyelocele, and porencephaly. [60] Representative examples include: Functional difficulties may result from CNS damage in more than one domain, but common functional difficulties by domain include:[60][61][75][79] Note that this is not an exhaustive list of difficulties. [citation needed]. The document states: We have a witness who observed Ms. Dennis do cocaine while having custody of the children; a witness who observed Ms. Dennis leave cocaine on an open dresser within reach of the children.. [20] PFAE and ARBD have fallen out of favor because these anomalies are not necessarily specific to maternal alcohol consumption and are not criteria for diagnosis of FASD.[60]. [13], These conditions believed to be related to prenatal alcohol exposure, such as spontaneous abortion and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), are also considered to be on the spectrum of related disorders. In Kathryn Dennis court response, she didnt address Thomas claims of Saint having FAS nor did she comment on not completing his worksheets. One study found that the people with FASD had a significantly shorter life expectancy. [42] The examination revealed extensive brain damage, including microcephaly, migration anomalies, callosal dysgenesis, and a massive neuroglial, leptomeningeal heterotopia covering the left hemisphere. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are a group of conditions that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. Of the 222 children who met the researchers' criteria for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, there were 27 cases of fetal alcohol syndrome, 104 with partial fetal alcohol syndrome and 91 with . [30] In these cases, all diagnostic systems use an unknown prenatal alcohol exposure designation. However, these conditions are considered alcohol-related birth defects[20] and not diagnostic criteria for FAS. This alcohol exposure can result in brain damage and growth problems in the fetus. snorting cocaine in the presence of her kids, at her home. FASD is an umbrella term for a range of physical, cognitive, and behavioral disorders caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. She was very sick in a lot of ways. [4] For this reason, medical authorities recommend that women completely avoid drinking alcohol during pregnancy and while trying to conceive. [43], When structural impairments are not observable or do not exist, neurological impairments are assessed. Reese Witherspoon. drug and alcohol abuse caused her sons Fetal Alcohol Syndrome diagnosis. Initially, he waited until he was 19 to disclose that he struggles with side effects fully. Refinements in diagnostic criteria since 1975 have yielded three distinctive and diagnostically significant facial features known to result from prenatal alcohol exposure and distinguishes FAS from other disorders with partially overlapping characteristics. Business, Economics, and Finance . [56] Prenatal alcohol exposure risk may be assessed by a qualified physician, psychologist, social worker, or chemical health counselor. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are a group of conditions that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. Her work has previously appeared in PEOPLE. [12] Some authorities accept only FAS as a diagnosis, seeing the evidence as inconclusive with respect to other types. [citation needed], Many books and handouts on FAS recommend a developmental approach, based on developmental psychology, even though most do not specify it as such and provide little theoretical background. As, ONTD Original: Five celebrities who drank or smoked while pregnant. Exposure level is assessed as confirmed exposure, unknown exposure, and confirmed absence of exposure by the IOM, CDC and Canadian diagnostic systems. Life expectancy can range from 31 to 37. Since her relapse in 2018, she has remained alcohol-free for 90 days. Weobtained a copy of the proposed custody changes and the document states that an eyewitness observed Kathryn Dennis snorting cocaine in the presence of her kids, at her home. [56], The proposed Ten Brain Domains include:[56], The Fetal Alcohol Diagnostic Program (FADP) uses unpublished Minnesota state criteria of performance at 1.5 or more standard deviations on standardized testing in three or more of the Ten Brain Domains to determine CNS damage. However, these other FASD conditions may create disabilities similar to FAS if the key area of central nervous system damage shows clinical deficits in two or more of ten domains of brain functioning. The effects of FAS include mental retardation, malformations of the skeletal system and major organ systems (specifically the heart and brain), inhibited growth, central . [20][39] While functional abnormalities are the behavioral and cognitive expressions of the FASD disability, CNS damage can be assessed in three areas: structural, neurological, and functional impairments. [2][20][27][30], Neurological problems are expressed as either hard signs, or diagnosable disorders, such as epilepsy or other seizure disorders, or soft signs. The severity of fetal alcohol syndrome symptoms varies, with some children experiencing them to a far greater degree than others. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a potential syndromic complication that can occur with maternal pre-natal alcohol exposure. [26], In terms of FASD, growth deficiency is defined as significantly below average height, weight or both due to prenatal alcohol exposure and can be assessed at any point in the lifespan. Dennis Crosby killed himself in 1991, and Phillip died of a heart attack in 1994. The reported prevalence rates of fetal alcohol syndrome vary widely depending on the population studied and the intensity of case ascertainment. A positive finding on all four features is required for a diagnosis of FAS. When they re born [with fetal alcohol syndrome], it affects their skull and their nose, and it manifests itself physically as well. [91] There are many other such historical references. Severe: All three facial features ranked independently as severe (lip ranked at 4 or 5, philtrum ranked at 4 or 5, and PFL two or more standard deviations below average). Washington State Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Interagency Work Group (FASD IAWG) In 1995 the Washington State Legislature unanimously passed Substitute Senate Bill 5688. resulting in RCW 70.96A.500 Fetal Alcohol Screening and Assessment Services.This legislation directed the Department of Social and Health Services (), Office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction (), the Department of . [7], FASD among Australian youth is more common in indigenous Australians. There is no cure for FASD and its effects last a lifetime. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a diagnostic term used to describe the permanent, severe neurodevelopmental impairments that may occur as a result of maternal drinking during pregnancy. 4. However, several organizations devoted to FAS also use the advocacy model at a community practice level as well. Griesler, P. C., & Kandel, D. B. A diagnosis of FAS is still possible with an unknown exposure level if other key features of FASD are present at clinical levels. Growth deficiency: Prenatal or postnatal height or weight (or both) at or below the 10th percentile, FAS facial features: All three FAS facial features present. [22] The lifetime costs of an individual with FAS were estimated to be two million USD in 2002. [24], Some accept only FAS as a diagnosis, seeing the evidence as inconclusive with respect to other types. FAS causes brain damage and growth problems, along with other issues in intellectual abilities. Presently, four FASD diagnostic systems that diagnose FAS and other FASD conditions have been developed in North America: Each diagnostic system requires that a complete FASD evaluation includes an assessment of the four key features of FASD, described below. FAS is a totally preventable developmental disability. The whole group is called fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). Joaquin Phoenix. [78], Six main secondary disabilities were identified in a University of Washington research study of 473 subjects diagnosed with FAS, PFAS (partial fetal alcohol syndrome), and ARND (alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder):[60][78], Two additional secondary disabilities exist for adults:[60][78], Eight factors were identified in the same study as universal protective factors that reduced the incidence rate of the secondary disabilities:[60][78], Malbin (2002) has identified the following areas of interests and talents as strengths that often stand out for those with FASD and should be utilized, like any strength, in treatment planning:[61].
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